Epicurus (341 BC – 270 BC)

Epicurus insists that knowledge comes from senses (if properly used): nothing should be believed except that which is tested through direct observation and logical deduction. The infinite and eternal universe is an agglomeration of atoms, whose purposeless motions and interactions result in the observable phenomena. Although the nature of human beings’ mind is a material one, occasional swerves in the movement of atoms allow for people’s autonomy of decision and action. Man’s existence is the pursuit of a happy life, which can be attained by pleasure (regarded as the absence of pain and fear), a type of psychological hedonism that leads to the ethical strategy “neither to harm nor be harmed”.